Utilitarianism Essay Thesis Example For Students

Utilitarianism Essay Thesis UtilitarianismAt the outset of the nineteenth century, an influential group of British thinkers developed a set of basic principles for addressing social problems. Extrapolating from Humes emphasis on the natural human interest in utility, reformer Jeremy Bentham proposed a straightforward quantification of morality by reference to utilitarian outcomes. His An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) offers a simple statement of the application of this ethical doctrine. Benthams moral theory was founded on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit and that the kind of consequence that matters for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain. He argued that the hedonistic value of any human action is easily calculated by considering how intensely its pleasure is felt, how long that pleasure lasts, how certainly and how quickly it follows upon the performance of the action, and how likely it is to produce collateral benefits and avoid collateral harms. Taking such matters into account, we arrive at a net value of each action for any human being affected by it. All that remains, Bentham supposed, is to consider the extent of this pleasure, since the happiness of the community as a whole is nothing other than the sum of individual human interests. We will write a custom essay on Utilitarianism Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The principle of utility, then, defines the meaning of moral obligation by reference to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people who are affected by performance of an action. Similarly, Bentham supposed that social policies are properly evaluated in light of their effect on the general well-being of the populations they involve. Punishing criminals is an effective way of deterring crime precisely because it pointedly alters the likely outcome of their actions, attaching the likelihood of future pain in order to outweigh the apparent gain of committing the crime. Thus, punishment must fit the crime by changing the likely perception of the value of committing it. John Stuart MillMill Life and Works. . Utilitarianism. . Individual Liberty. . Womens Rights Bibliography Internet Sources A generation later, utilitarianism found its most effective exponent in John Stuart Mill. Raised by his father, the philosopher James Mill, on strictly Benthamite principles, Mill devoted his life to the defence and promotion of the general welfare. With the help his long-time companion Harriet Taylor, Mill became a powerful champion of lofty moral and social ideals.Mills Utilitarianism (1861) is an extended explanation of utilitarian moral theory. In an effort to respond to criticisms of the doctrine, Mill not only argued in favor of the basic principles of Jeremy Bentham but also offered several significant improvements to its structure, meaning, and application. Although the progress of moral philosophy has been limited by its endless disputes over the reality and nature of the highest good, Mill assumed from the outset, everyone can agree that the consequences of human actions contribute importantly to their moral value. (Utilitarianism 1) Mill fully accepted Benthams devotion to greatest happiness principle as the basic statement of utilitarian value: . . . actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Utilitarianism 2)But he did not agree that all differences among pleasures can be quantified. On Mills view, some kinds of pleasure experienced by human beings also differ from each other in qualitative ways, and only those who have experienced pleasure of both sorts are competent judges of their relative quality. This establishes the moral worth of promoting higher (largely intellectual) pleasures among sentient beings even when their momentary intensity may be less than that of alternative lower (largely bodily) pleasures. Even so, Mill granted that the positive achievement of happiness is often difficult, so that we are often justified morally in seeking primarily to reduce the total amount of pain experienced by sentient beings affected by our actions. Painor even the sacrifice of pleasureis warranted on Mills view only when it results directly in the greater good of all. Against those who argue that the utilitarian theory unreasonably demands of individual agents that they devote their primary energies to the cold-hearted and interminable calculation of anticipated effects of their actions, Mill offered a significant qualification. Precisely because we do not have the time to calculate accurately in every instance, he supposed, we properly allow our actions to be guided by moral rules most of the time. Partly anticipating the later distinction between act and rule utilitarianism, Mill pointed out that secondary moral principles at the very least perform an important service by providing ample guidance for every-day moral life. Finally, however, he emphasized that the value of each particular actionespecially in difficult or controversial casesis to be determined by reference to the principle of utility itself. What motivates people to do the right thing? Mill claimed universal agreement on the role of moral sanctions in eliciting proper conduct from human agents. (Utilitarianism 3) But unlike Bentham, Mill did not restrict himself to the socially-imposed external sanctions of punishment and blame, which make the consequences of improper action more obviously painful. On Mills view, human beings are also motivated by such internal sanctions as self-esteem, guilt, and conscience. Because we all have social feelings on behalf of others, the unselfish wish for the good of all is often enough to move us to act morally. Even if others do not blame or punish me for doing wrong, I am likely to blame myself, and that bad feeling is another of the consequent pains that I reasonably consider when deciding what to do. In Chapter Four, Mill offers as proof of the principle of utility an argument originally presented by his father, James Mill. The best evidence of the desirability of happiness is that people really do desire it; and since each individual human being desires her own happiness, it must follow that all of us desire the happiness of everyone. Thus, the Mills argued, the greatest pleasure of all is morally desirable. (Utilitarianism 4) The argument doesnt hold up well at all in logical terms, since each of its inferences is obviously fallacious, but Mill may have been correct in supposing on psychological grounds that seeking pleasure and avoiding pain are the touchstones by which most of us typically live. Finally, Mill argued that social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with traditional concern for the promotion of justice. .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .postImageUrl , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:visited , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:active { border:0!important; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:active , .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868 .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3916fbe8c9735e6af800f3a8c1b73868:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Experiences In Farewell T Essay Justice involves respect for the property, rights, and deserts of individual citizens, along with fundamental presumptions in favor of good faith and impartiality. All of these worthwhile components of justice are adequately preserved by conscientious application of the principle of utility, Mill supposed, since particular cases of each clearly result in the greatest happiness of all affected parties. (Utilitarianism 5) Although a retributive sentiment in favor of punishing wrong-doers may also be supposed to contribute to the traditional concept of justice, Mill insisted that the appropriately limited use of external sanctions on utili tarian grounds better accords with a legitimate respect for the general welfare. Mill also pointed out that the defence of individual human freedom is especially vital to living justly, but that had been the subject of another book. On LibertyJohn Stuart Mills On Liberty (1859) is the classic statement and defence of the view that governmental encroachment upon the freedom of individuals is almost never warranted. A genuinely civil society, he maintained, must always guarantee the civil liberty of its citizenstheir protection against interference by an abusive authority. This is true even when the government itself relies upon the democratic participation of the people. (On Liberty 1) The tyranny of the majority is especially dangerous to individual liberty, Mill supposed, because the most commonly recommended remedy is to demand that the recalcitrant minority either persuade the majority to change its views or learn to conform to socially accepted norms. Mill had a different notion. The proper balance between individual liberty and governmental authority, he proposed, can be stated as a simple principle: The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. (On Liberty 1)Although society has a clear responsibility for protecting its citizens from each other, it has no business interfering with the rest of what they do. In particular, anything that directly affects only the individual citizen must remain absolutely free. On Mills view, this entails in particular that the government is never justified in trying to control, limit, or restrain: 1) private thoughts and feelings, along with their public expression, 2) individual tastes and pursuits as efforts to live happily, or 3) the association of like-minded individuals with each other. (On Liberty 1) No society is truly free unless its individual citizens are permitted to take care of themselves. Considering first freedom of thought and discussion, Mill argued that because even a majority opinion is fallible, society should always permit the expression of minority views. There is a chance, after all, that the unconventional opinion will turn out, in the long run, to be correct, in which case the entire society would suffer if it were never allowed to come to light. Sincere devotion to the truth requires open inquiry, not the purposeful silencing of alternative views that might prove to be right. (On Liberty 2) Even if the unconventional opinion turns out to be incorrect, Mill argued, there is still good reason to encourage its free expression. The truth can only be enlivened and strengthened by exposure to criticism and debate through which the majority view is shown not to be merely an inadequately grounded superstition. (On Liberty 2) In the most common instance, Mill supposed, there will actually turn out to be some measure of falsity in the clearest truth and some element of truth in the most patent falsehood. Thus, on every possible occasion, encouraging civil discussion of alternative views genuinely benefits society as a whole. Mill supposed that behavior as well as thought often deserves protection against social encroachment. Human action should arise freely from the character of individual human beings, not from the despotic influence of public opinion, custom, or expectation. No matter what patterns of behavior may constitute the way we ought to be, he argued, each person must choose her or his own path in life, even if it differs significantly from what other people would recommend. (On Liberty 3) No less than in the realm of thought, in the realm of behavior unconventionality and originality are often signs of great personal genius, which should never be curtailed by social pressures. In summary, then, Mill emphasized that individual citizens are responsible for themselves, their thoughts and feelings, and their own tastes and pursuits, while society is properly concerned only with social interests. In particular, the state is justified in limiting or controlling the conduct of individuals only when doing so is the only way to prevent them from doing harm to others by violating their rights. (On Liberty 4) Where the conduct in question affects only the person who does iteven if it clearly results in harm to that personthe state has no business in even trying to suppress the mode of being that person has chosen. Thus, on Mills view, legislation that attempts to promote good conduct or to prevent people from harming themselves is always wrong. The line he drew between private and social concerns is a fairly clear one: society should not endeavor to limit my drinking, but rightly prosecutes me for harming others while drunk. In the essays final chapter, Mill carefully noted several apparent exceptions to the general principle. (On Liberty 5) Governmental interference is not necessary even in some of the instances where it might be justifiable. Economic life involves social interest and may therefore be subject to regulation, even though free trade is often more effective. Speech or action by one individual that encourages someone else to commit self-harm is appropriately restricted. Indirect action by the state designed to encourage or discourage (without requiring or restraining) individual conduct is permissible; in fact, doing so is simply good utilitarian legislation. According to Mill, the states legitimate interest in preventing harm to its citizens extends even into the domain of family life, as in forbidding spousal abuse or providing for the education of children. .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .postImageUrl , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:visited , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:active { border:0!important; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:active , .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230 .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udeb05eec1fa45e3e033c051d0d65b230:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canterbury Tales By Chaucer (1572 words) Essay Finally, Mill noted that even if the involvement of the government in some specific aspect of the lives of its citizens does not violate their individual liberty, there may remain other good reasons for avoiding it. If the conduct to be regulated can be performed better by individuals themselves, if it is more desirable that it be done by them, or if regulation would add significantly to the already-dangerous power of the social establishment, then the state ought not to be allowed to interfere. (On Liberty 5) Mills conclusion, then, is strictly in favor of liberty: governmental action is legitimate only when demonstrably nece ssary for the protection of other citizens from direct harm caused by the conduct in question. On every other contingency, the liberty of the individual should remain inviolate. The Subjection of WomenOne of John Stuart Mills last and finest literary efforts was written in support of a political cause of which he had long been a leading champion. The Subjection of Women (1869) offered both detailed argumentation and passionate eloquence in bitter opposition to the social and legal inequalities commonly imposed upon women by a patriarchal culture. Mill granted the practical difficulty of arguing successfully against an opinion that is widely-held and deeply-entrenched even though it relies upon nothing better than a vaguely-expressed presumption of the natural superiority of males. In fact, Mill pointed out, the domination of men over womenlike conquest or slavery in any other formoriginated in nothing more than the brute application of physical power. But this reliance upon physical force as a means of obtaining and maintaining control over other human beings has been abandoned in every other area of political life. The social subordination of women thus stands out an isolated fact in modern social institutions; a solitary breach of what has become their fundamental law . . . . (Subjection of Women 1)Mill argued that reliance upon physical strength and violence should not be tolerated in this instance, either. Although it is often claimed that male domination over women is a purely natural expression of biological necessity, Mill found little genuine evidence for this. Any conventional social discrimination, made familiar by long experience and social prevalence, will come to seem natural to those who have never contemplated any alternative. The appearance of voluntary submission by women is even more misleading, on Mills view, since it could as easily reflect enslavement of mind and feeling as genuine sentiment. Certainly men, whose awareness of womens thinking is severly limited, are in no position to speak confidently about what women really want: Many a man thinks he perfectly understands women, because he has had amatory relations with several, perhaps with many of them. If he is a good observer, and his experience extends to quality as well as quantity, he may have learnt something of one narrow department of their naturean important department, no doubt. But of all the rest of it, few persons are generally more ignorant, because there are few from whom it is so carefully hidden. (Subjection of Women 1)If society really wanted to discover what is truly natural in gender relations, Mill argued, it should establish a free market for all of the services women perform, ensuring a fair economic return for their contributions to the general welfare. Only then would their practical choices be likely to reflect their genuine interests. In the patriarchal culture, many women are trapped by social expectations in the traditional forms of marriage, which had its origins as bondage or involuntary servitude. Although Mill granted that some men are less despotic toward their wives than the laws would permit, he supposed this a mixed blessing and noted those who wish to do so find little difficulty in securing a slave-wife. Mill saw no reason why either partner in a marriage should dominate the other; he proposed that a family governed by consenual separation of functions could, in principle become a profoundly serious example of free association. What marriage may be in the case of two persons of cultivated faculties, identical in opinions and purposes, between whom there exists that best kind of equality, similarity of powers and reciprocal superiority in themso that each can enjoy the luxury of looking up to the other, and can have alternately the pleasure of leading and of being led in the path of developmentI will not attempt to describe. To those who can conceive it, there is no need; to those who cannot, it would appear the dream of an enthusiast. But I maintain, with the profoundest conviction, that this, and this only, is the ideal of marriage; and that all opinions, customs, and institutions which favour any other notion of it, or turn the conceptions and aspirations connected with it into an y other direction, by whatever pretences they may be coloured, are relics of primitive barbarism. (Subjection of Women 4)Although few men can presently tolerate the prospect of living in intimate association with a genuinely equal partner, Mill clearly believed it not only possible but highly desirable to do so. Thus, the liberation of women from patriarchal restrictions holds great promise for human life generally. The individual property rights of women ought to be wholly independent of their marital status, for example, and their right to participate in the political process ought to be granted completely. (Efforts to secure suffrage for women had been a major issue of Mills own service in the British Parliament. ) Not only can women think as well as men, Mill argued, but their thought and experience inclines them to be more flexible and practical in applied reasoning and, perhaps, therefore morally superior to men. Certainly the provision of social equality for women would serve the general welfare of society by promoting justice, enhancing moral sensitivity, and securing liberty for all.

A Beginners Guide to the French Revolution

A Beginner's Guide to the French Revolution Between 1789 and 1802, France was wracked by a revolution which radically changed the government, administration, military, and culture of the nation as well as plunging Europe into a series of wars. France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch through the French Revolution to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. Not only were centuries of law, tradition, and practice wiped away by a revolution few people had been able to predict going this far, but warfare spread the revolution across Europe, changing the continent permanently. Key People King Louis XVI: King of France when the revolution began in 1789, he was executed in 1792.Emmanuel Sieyà ¨s: Deputy who helped radicalize the third estate and instigated the coup which brought the consuls to power.Jean-Paul Marat: Popular journalist who advocated extreme measures against traitors and hoarders. Assassinated in 1793.Maximilien Robespierre: Lawyer who went from advocating an end to the death penalty to the architect of the Terror. Executed in 1794.Napoleon Bonaparte: French general whose rise to power brought the revolution to an end. Dates Although historians are agreed that the French Revolution started in 1789, they are divided on the end date. A few histories stop in 1795 with the creation of the Directory, some stop in 1799 with the creation of the Consulate, while many more stop in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte became Consul for Life, or 1804 when he became Emperor. A rare few continue to the restoration of the monarchy in 1814. In Brief A medium-term financial crisis, caused partly by Frances decisive involvement in the American Revolutionary War, led to the French crown first calling an Assembly of Notables and then, in 1789, a meeting called the Estates General in order to gain assent for new tax laws. The Enlightenment had affected the views of middle-class French society to the point where they demanded involvement in government and the financial crisis gave them a way in to get it. The Estates General was composed of three Estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France, but there were arguments over how fair this was: the Third Estate was far larger than the other two but only had a third of the vote. Debate ensued, with a call for the Third getting a bigger say. This Third Estate, informed by long term doubts over the constitution of France and the development of a new social order of bourgeoisie, declared itself a National Assembly and decreed the suspension of taxation, taking French sovereignty i nto its own hands. After a power struggle which saw the National Assembly take the Tennis Court Oath not to disband, the king gave in and the Assembly began reforming France, scrapping the old system and drawing up a new constitution with a Legislative Assembly. This continued the reforms but it created divisions in France by legislating against the church and declaring war on nations which supported the French king. In 1792, a second revolution  took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793, executed the king. As the Revolutionary Wars went against France, as regions angry at attacks on the church and conscription rebelled and as the revolution became increasingly radicalized, the National Convention created a Committee of Public Safety to run France in 1793. After a struggle between political factions called the Girondins and the Montagnards was won by the latter, an era of bloody measures called The Terror began, when over 16,000 people were guillotined. In 1794, the revolution again changed, this time turning against the Terror and its architect Robespierre. The Terrorists were removed in a coup and a new constitution was drawn up which created, in 1795, a new legislative system run by a Directory of five men. This remained in power thanks to rigging elections and purging the assemblies before being replaced, thanks to the army and a general called Napoleon Bonaparte, by a new constitution in 1799 which created three consuls to rule France. Bonaparte was the first consul and, while the reform of France continued, Bonaparte managed to bring the revolutionary wars to a close and have himself declared consul for life. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor of France; the revolution was over, the empire had begun. Consequences There is universal agreement that the political and administrative face of France was wholly altered: a republic based around elected- mainly bourgeois- deputies replaced a monarchy supported by nobles while the many and varied feudal systems were replaced by new, usually elected institutions which were applied universally across France. The culture was also affected, at least in the short term, with the revolution permeating every creative endeavor. However, there is still debate over whether the revolution permanently changed the social structures of France or whether they were only altered in the short term. Europe was also changed. The revolutionaries of 1792 began a war which extended through the Imperial period and forced nations to marshal their resources to a greater extent than ever before. Some areas, like Belgium and Switzerland, became client states of France with reforms similar to those of the revolution. National identities also began coalescing like never before. The many and fast developing ideologies of the revolution were also spread across Europe, helped by French being the continental elite’s dominant language. The French Revolution has often been called the start of the modern world, and while this is an exaggeration- many of the supposed revolutionary developments had precursors- it was an epochal event that permanently changed the European mindset. Patriotism, devotion to the state instead of the monarch, mass warfare, all became solidified in the modern mind.

Small business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Small business - Research Paper Example I will need to do a demographics study of my community, focused on average income. I will look at housing prices particularly, as this is the best single indicator of socioeconomic status. I will couple this with a consideration of the average age of the residents as well as number of children. Older wealthy persons have significant financial reserves, but they tend to be cautious in their spending and conservative in their clothing choices. I will also look for an area where many upper class persons have teenage and college age children. Younger persons tend to be more fashion conscious than older ones, and are more likely to pay a premium for name brands and the latest trends in apparel. I will need a large storefront, as today’s shoppers demand a wide selection. My budget will need to take this into account, as well as the costs involved in hiring a professional store designer. With my customers, appearance is virtually everything. As I will be selling highly desired products, other concerns for me will be the level of security in the mall as well as my own need to employ anti-shoplifting technology and possibly a store detective to ferret out shoplifters. Items will need tags with computerized chips that will set off an alarm if an item is concealed and the person tries to walk out with it. If possible, I will try to locate my store near the mall’s food court, as it tends to be a gathering place for customers. Alternatively, I will want it to be located near the mall entrance, where customers will see it when they first enter. I do not want them to spend their funds before discovering me. My opening day will be advertised on the Internet, in local papers and magazines, and possibly on nearby billboards. These ads will also need the services of a graphic artist familiar with commercial designs. They will need to convey an air of sophistication, including images where beautiful people

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 201

Summary - Essay Example The Bedouin people are described as nomadic and the government effort to offer them alternative settlement has led to resistance and subsequent failure. This is because their ways of life are not similar as that adopted by the nation states. Following the advice of Dawn Chatty an anthropologist, the society is slowly embracing change. The society has begun to change in some aspects such as adoption of trucks instead of a camel. The author begins with a description of how potatoes are grown in the Andean highlands of South America. Potatoes are mostly grown in the highlands and not on lower lands in the region. The assumption is that because corns are grown in the lower lands, there is less space available to grow potatoes. Therefore, potatoes are likely to be grown in highlands where conditions are poor for corns. In addition, anthropologists are hired to advice on how potatoes production can be increased in a sustainable manner in Peru. The anthropologists conducted an investigation in different parts of the world. The results were worrying as they showed that the growth of potatoes in highlands had severe consequences. This is because it damaged the environment as most of the land was left free for erosion to take place at high rainfall. Hence, the advice of anthropologists showed that the production of potatoes in highland is not

Assginment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assginment - Assignment Example This is derived from the purpose of the research that was to study the concept of organisational culture in the context of four parameters of culture that include clan, adhocracy, hierarchical and market in the public and private education institutions. It was meant to establish the existing differences between the two institutions interims of cultural practices from a faculty member’s perspective. From the findings, it is clear that the OC affects progress, performance and interaction among students in schools and between private and public learning institutions. This occurs since the two category of organisations have divergent norms and ways of operations. For instance, the recruitment hierarchy of students is different in private and public institutions; there are differences in gender balance, economic restructuring, adhocracy, use of technology, and adoption of new changes. Private institutions have more streamlined cultural practices as compared to public institutions. Students in the private schools are disciplined, hardworking, industrious, caring and quality time managers. Their teachers and other concerned parties under a hierarchical system of operation as opposed to public schools keep them in close check. This opens the cultural gap that causes a huge interaction line despite the fact that the institutions work for a common purpose of enhancing knowledge and brai n development among students. The research established that clan perceptions, school hierarchy in terms of performance and reputation, and the calibre of students depending on the environment they come from leads to the current disparities between public and private schools. They have varied cultural practices that must be integrated for meaningful growth in n the sector of education. According to the study, education is vital in sharpening the minds of young

Aleatoric Music Of The 20th Century Music Essay

Aleatoric Music Of The 20th Century Music Essay compositional and instrumental methods utilized by John Cage. The biographical background, educational influences and examples of the musical compositions of Cage will also be illustrated. This paper continues by describing the various methods and processes employed by John Cage in the formation of music written during the minimalist movement. Contrived instruments, ambient audience noise, non-traditional tone structures and electronic music will be identified and defined. Furthermore, this paper will explore the debate over aleatoric music as art form versus noise. Traditionally, Western music is highly structured and organized- however, music written in aleatory form generally lacks traditional instrumentation, time, and other methods present in Western forms. According to whom one would ask, aleatoric music can be extremely complex, emotional and intellectual. On the other hand, there are those who believe aleatoric music is nothing more than random noise with no structure, rhyme or reason. Over the course of this paper, the reader will be able to discern that aleatoric music is a definitive musical genre. ii Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Introduction Aleatoric music refers to musical compositions where some aspect of the music is left to chance. The tempo, instrumentation, dynamics, order of the written music, or various other devices can be manipulated. Simply put, aleatoric music is left up to some amount of chance. However, the amount of chance is not immeasurable. In many cases, the composer only allows a portion of the entire composition to chance while the rest conforms to standard Western-influenced counterpoint. The American composer John Cage was one of the foremost composers who utilized aleatory in musical works. He was also the father of the avant-garde in music during the minimalist movement. THESIS: By studying the devices used in Cages compositions, the argument will be clearly made that aleatoric music, while sometimes free in form and function, is clearly a structured art form and not random noise. ii Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Outline: Aleatoric Music Explicative definition of aleatoric music Overview of aleatoric devices John Cage Early life and education B. Utilization of aleatoric devices in compositions Thesis support Compare and contrast with opposing viewpoint Acknowledge and dismiss opposing view utilizing evidenciary support Conclusion Summarize main points Reinforce the argument that aleatoric music is not random Markham 1 Selena Markham MUS 2930 Dr. Valerie Austin November 22, 2010 Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Aleatoric music refers to musical compositions where some aspect of the music is left to chance. The tempo, instrumentation, dynamics, order of the written music, or various other devices can be manipulated. Simply put, aleatoric music is left up to some amount of chance. However, the amount of chance is not immeasurable. In many cases, the composer only allows a portion of the entire composition to chance while the rest conforms to standard Western-influenced counterpoint. The American composer John Cage was one of the foremost composers who utilized aleatory in musical works. He was also the father of the avant-garde in music during the minimalist movement. By studying the devices used in Cages compositions, the argument will be clearly made that aleatoric music, while sometimes free in form and function, is clearly a structured art form and not random noise. One of the most prolific composers of music in aleatory, John Cage, was born September 5, 1912 in Los Angeles, California. He was the only child of Markham 2 parents Lucretia and John Cage, Sr. (two other sons passed away as infants). His father was an inventor and his mother worked on and off as a writer for the Los Angeles Times. The couple met in Greeley, Colorado. John Cage, Sr.s father was a Baptist minister who felt music was of the Devil. His mother, Lucretia (her maiden name was Harvey) was considered rebellious because she read books (a practice her family forbade). The young couple fled the restrictive atmosphere of Colorado for the more welcoming state of California. John Cage, Sr. had an avid interest in undersea vessels and, in fact, invented a device that was used in the English Channel to successfully detect German submarines during World War I. The intellect and innovative spirit of his mother and father would serve young Cage well throughout his lifetime. (Rich 142). As early as age eight, the young Cage began to express an interest for music that was slightly outside of the norm. While taking piano lessons with his aunt, the young boy confessed he enjoyed the music of Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg (Rich 145). When Cage graduated in 1928, his grades earned him the record of having the best academics in Los Angeles High Schools history. From high school, Cage spent two years at Pomona College (Struble 287). While at Pomona College, he studied ministry and writing. (Rich 145). Cage then went on hiatus to Europe for two years. While there, he composed many short works, some using mathematical formulas. Unfortunately, Cage did Markham 3 not save these early works- as he traveled, he would go through his belongings and discard any non-essential items in order to lighten his load (Nicholls 175). He returned to the United States in 1931 and in 1933, John Cage began to study piano under Richard Buhlig, who introduced the composer to serialism, an aleatoric musical device. Serialism is music which has been written with a high degree of organization (Brindle 17). Since Buhlig had premiered serialist composer Arnold Schoenbergs composition Three Piano Pieces, Cage hoped Buhlig would introduce him to Schoenberg. Instead, Cages first published piece, Sonata for Clarinet (1933), brought him to the attention of Henry Cowell, a professor teaching the new music at the New Music Society of California in San Francisco. Though Cage was able to informally study with Schoenberg, Cowell was his primary influence (Lipman 22). The Sonata for Clarinet also shows how Cage used serialism to reproduce the same pitches in retrograde in the last movement from the first movement of the same composition in a highly organized fashion. Ironically, when the Sonata for Clarinet premiered, Cage found himself performing it on piano because the clarinetist was unable to do so (Nicholls 176). Over the course of the next two years (1933-34), John Cage invented a new technique called 25-pitch non-repetitive serialism. In this technique, each voice is limited to a twenty-five note pitch area and no pitch can be repeated Markham 4 until all twenty-five have been played. He also used this technique in three additional pieces he wrote during this period: the Sonata for Two Voices (Nov. 1933), Composition for Three Voices (1934) and Soloà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Six Short Inventions (1933-34). The use of this technique was generally not harmonically sound with the exception of a few phrases (Nicholls 177). John Cage composed two pieces in 1935 (Three Pieces for Flute Duet and Two Pieces for Piano) that also used the serialism technique. The harmony was paired with a highly chromatic melodic line that made the pieces overwhelmingly contrapuntal. However, these pieces tended to possess a higher percentage of harmonically pleasing subject matter (Nicholls 184). These works also coincided with his introduction to Merce Cunningham, an author, choreographer and Cages lifelong love interest. As a result, Cage began to be interested in how music correlated with dance. John Cage and Merce Cunningham collaborated to organize performances using Cages music and Cunninghams choreography over the course of their lifetimes (Thomson 77). Another interesting device John Cage used in his composition was ambient noise. In his piece 4 33 (1952), a piano or any ensemble is to conduct themselves as if they were preparing to play. However, the instrument(s) or performer(s) never utter a singular sound- for the entire four minutes and Markham 5 thirty-three seconds. The idea is to attune ones self with the ambient noise of the room, the noise entering the room from outside and the natural noises of the people within (Lipman 30). The piece has also been said to be an example of freedom in general (Brindle 122). This work had its premiere by pianist David Tudor in Woodstock, New York, on August 29, 1952, in the Maverick Concert Hall (located near where the 1969 Woodstock Festival was held). Cage (interviewed in the late 1980s by William Duckworth) stated that he listened to the piece every day and that in Indian culture, it is we that turn away from the music. However, the music is always there (Bonds 588-589). An original device employed by John Cage was an invention all his own- the prepared piano. A prepared piano is a grand piano where the inside strings are manipulated by foreign objects to produce a twelve-tone scale. Such was the case with Cages composition Bacchanale (1940)- a percussive piece he was commissioned to write to be performed with a dance group. The work was originally intended for percussion instruments, but was relegated to the prepared piano when it was deemed the concert hall was too small for all of the required instrumentation. Cage required that bolts and weatherstripping be attached to the strings connected to the 12 different notes (Bonds 590). John Cages influence in the realm of electronic music began as early as 1937. His composition Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) was one of the first Markham 6 written in the electronic genre. It consisted of recording oscillatory frequencies on two 78rpm gramophone records (Brindle 99). He also wrote a piece comprised of fifty-one tapes (each twenty minutes long) produced on the computer system of Illinois University (Illiac) that could be played in any order along with seven live harpsichords and a light show of sorts. This piece was written in 1967 and titled HPSCHD (Brindle 125). John Cage began to write pieces titled by the number of performers later in his life. For example, the work titled One (1987) was for one pianist. Another work, titled Five (1988) was for string quintet. These pieces are dubbed number pieces (Moser 31). Even these odd little pieces have a structure- the structure being the amount of time the performer has to perform each measure and the number of musicians required for performance. As illustrated with the devices John Cage used in his compositions, his works are very structured and organized. Cage was one of the total serialists, who felt that music composition could be planned and analyzed with the precision of scientific experiments (Lipman 56). In his own words during a lecture in Darmstadt in 1958: The function of the performerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is comparable to that of someone filling in color where outlines are given; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is that of giving form, providing, that is to say, the morphology of the continuity, the Markham 7 expressive content; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is that of a photographer who on obtaining a camera uses it to take a picture; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is comparable to that of a traveler who must constantly be catching trains the departures of which have not been announced but which are in the process of being announced (Moser 8). It is clear by reading these words that Cage finds his music to have form, which is a staple of Western music. In addition, his music is generally left up to the interpretation of the performer- definitively not an aspect of Western music. Even still, form is readily detectable within his works regardless of how the stated form is interpreted by the performers. Another argument concerning music in aleatory is that there are no determinate ways to discern the number of possible arrangements. This simply is not true: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the exact number of realizations of an indeterminate score can often be determinedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Moser 11). In conclusion, John Cage lived during an exciting time in American history. Just after his birth in 1912, the United States found itself fully engaged in World War I. The United States truly became a world power during this time. The enlightenment through his well-rounded and educated parents as well as the Markham 8 excitement and innovations of the new century served John Cage well, as he was able to thrive and grow as an intellectual and musician in this environment. Although his music is sounds extremely dissonant and non-harmonic, it exhibits a high amount of structure. Cages earlier works illustrate a mathematical approach to the music- meaning that the music makes sense based on mathematical principles, but not necessarily traditional ideals surrounding musical composition. The influence of John Cages music can certainly be felt today in late 20th century jazz and numerous other works that allow the performers greater freedoms. Take, for instance, the piece recently performed on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Dr. Joanna Hersey premiered a work for her Low Brass Ensemble at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke titled Sails, Whales and Whalers (2008) by Gary Buttery. This work included recorded whale song interspersed with the live music produced by the L ow Brass Ensemble (Hersey Krosschell). Perhaps Gary Butterys composition was influenced in some way by the works of John Cage. There is no doubt that many musicians past, present, and future have been and will continue to be influenced by Cages maverick attitude toward music. Markham 9

College Admissions Essay: The Grand Tour :: College Admissions Essays

The Grand Tour    I had many objectives for my trip to Europe. These objectives included making drawings, researching aspects of Western European art and culture, and purchasing research materials while completing an extensive Museum tour beginning in Italy and concluding in Amsterdam.    My trip was eventful, and I did complete my original objectives. I spent six weeks in Florence Italy making drawings under the direction of Professor Barry Gealt, and while there toured the city of Florence and the Tuscan region extensively, visiting the Florentine Ufizzi Galleries, the Venetian wonder of San Rocco and San Marco, as well as the Roman Coliseum.    In search of French hospitality, and the likes of Monet, David, and Gericault, my art historical whirlwind tour landed me in the south of France, then on to the beautiful cities of Spain. While in Spain I visited Barcelona and toured the fairytale buildings of Antonio Gaudi, and rambled down the amazing Ramblas corridor in search of Tapas and spontaneous street performances. Leaving Barcelona, I had my eyes set on seeing the Spanish masters housed in the glowing walls of Madrid's Prado museum. As the intense museum tour rolled on I visited the home and museum of the nineteenth century master Sorrolla, and made drawings of his masterworks. It was from Madrid that I was able to catch a midnight train to Pamplona, arriving just in time to see the annual running of the bulls. I too had to run to catch my next train to Paris to ensure my visit to the Louvre.    It may seem that seeing painting after painting in each city I visited would dampen even the most zealous art enthusiast, on the contrary each new city brought on a new level of understanding that slides in a lecture hall or slick pages of a textbook cannot. To understand the influence of a cultural climate on an artists work while backpacking through the city that was their home is an incomprehensible experience.

Main HRM procedures that have contributed to the success of a company Essay

Google has implemented HRM procedures that have contributed to the success of the company. Google is a website company that allows visitors to search for whatever information they need at the click of a mouse. Google was able to attract the best talents. Most of its employees were Intelligent people The founders, Larry Page an Sergei Brin were both computer science graduates. They bought large terabyte memory disk to hide their data. The following paragraphs explain in detail how Google’s HRM policies were instrumental in having a zero percent employee turnover for. Also, the next part explains the nuances of change to the organization and its employees. Both Larry and Sergei established a company where employees would have a fun place to work in. The offices were decorated with lava lamps and painted with bright colors of the Google Logo, In fact, the employees were allowed to bring their pets to their workplace. The employees were given free snacks, lunch an dinner made by chef Charlie Ayers. In addition, they Google office snack rooms included a variety of cereals, gumi bears, cashew nuts. These were complemented with a variety of fruit juices, soda and cappuccino. Likewise, there were sports facilities like table tennis, a pool table and a roller skating hockey. The company had regular roller skater hockeys with its employees. Further, there were other physical activity facilities like the work -out gym, a variety of video games. Both Larry and Sergei implemented the open communication method within the organization. All its employees could freely talk directly with their managers or top level officers anytime. The employees were encouraged to eat at the company cafeteria so that they could mingle and make friends with other employees of the company. Larry and Sergei believes that allowing the employees around 20% of their time doing projects that they chose make the employees feel important and independent –minded. In addition, the employees would discuss any and all topics whether relating to their work in Google or just simply trivial things during their lunch breaks in the Google cafeteria. The serious topics discussed in the Google canteen during their lunch breaks included topics on how to topple the competitors, the employees were grouped into teams where the leadership rotates among its members. The employees had every right to fix things if anything goes wrong without having to pass through the red tape that other companies’ The motto that Larry and Sergei instituted to the employees is that you are the boss, Don’t wait to take the hill. Don’t wait to be managed. Both Larry and Sergei offered big mouth –watering incentives for people who want to work in Google that included Hot award winning technology, intelligent, fun, high energy teammates, Great culture and amazing perks that include massage therapy and free all you can eat snacks. Employees were also backed by two VCs and they had free gourmet lunches served daily, start up environment with excellent benefits, stock options where the employees could buy stocks and become one of the many owners of Google. The employees were also given ample work above average work stations. The company is strategically located in Silicon Valley in the United States. One enticing message that google says when it invites smart students from top universities to work for them is that their ideas will help make a difference in this world. Google hires employees with diverse skills and qualities. The company sought employees that had broad knowledge and expertise in computer science and mathematics. Also, employees that were hired had to be world class programmers. In addition, its employees had to be excellent in terms of communication as well as organizational skills. The employees had to be passionate with their work and are great colleagues. Also, the employees chosen to work in Google had to be at ease working in a high –energy, unstructured environment on a very small project team to create amazing products for people using Google every day. Also, the employees had to have diverse interests and skills. In addition, hiring an estimated thirty percent of the entire Google work force on a contractual basis thereby is saving the company in terms of fringe benefits expenses. Google placed their wanted employees ads in theatres only. In addition, Google asks their employees to recommend their relatives and friends to work in Google. Fifty percent of the new employees were recommended by Google employees. For, each employee will be given $2,000 for each employee admitted into the company that were recommended by them. In addition, the Human Resource Department contacted the University Professors to give them the names of their best and brightest students for possible hiring in Google. Likewise, Google organized programming contests with prizes that reach $15,000 in order to tap the best minds in the programming industry. This included the Code Jam programming contests. The above are only some of the reasons why there is a zero turnover of employees in Google. Need theories. The human resource department must place emphasis on developing a learning culture in its employees. It means that the employees would attend human resource department sponsored seminars on learning how best to accomplish one’s job tasks. For, there is an increasing need for employees to learn new process of doing their jobs. In short, there is an increasing need for good mental functioning that includes both intellect achievement and emotional stability in terms of job performance. For, as members of the workforce become more educated and more mature, there is a need for more information to be used in decision making in terms of passing the company benchmarks. For Human resource theory here shows that the learning culture of the employees will promote the concept that the employees can expect to work in a small problem –solving team that will produce high quality products in less time possible. Meaning, the company that rewards its employees for their innovations and creativity is the organization that will stand whereas all their competitors have dissolved( Gayle, 1990) . Many Human Resource specialists today will value the well –trained middle –aged worker but will view the employee’s ability to perform more. For, terminations are costly alternatives because the human resource department has to spend time and money training the neophyte employees that have will replace the terminated old employees. Companies spend lots of money on the training of new employees or the retraining of old employees on new company processes. For, human resource specialists are facing personal demands that could impede the employee’s work performance or impair the organization’s progress. Thus, human resource specialists will need skills to provide rehabilitation of employees who need them. This can be accomplished through the teamwork of all departments in the entire organization. For, as the world’s economy evolves, the organization must keep up with the competition. This can be done by continuously changing how products are produced in the company. Basically, the company must feed what the customer wants. Meaning, as the customer’s wants changes, the company must change its products to fill the new needs of the customers. In this regard, the middle aged employee is continually bombarded with new ways of producing finished goods. The old employees must either keep in step or be retrenched. For the current economy is world based and borderless. The human resource department must train the old employees how to be cope with the information overload that affects his work. For efficient productivity and sound decision will be needed to compete in the international economy. Thus, the Human resource department must address such issues as training, rewarding, economic security, task design, job responsibility, employee benefits, retirements and others. This is brought about by the new automation and new technology of the twenty –first century (Waskel 1991, 16) The human resource department must be more serious today in their recruitment and retaining of key employees. Mortorola used the production data of each employee as a basis for the retaining or retrenchment of employees. For, Motorola’s theory is to spend as little as possible on its employees ( Henkoff 1991, 76). In hiring a new employee, an applicant could be given an on the job simulation and asks what he or she could do to improve the current workplace situation. Also, many managers select a prospective employee based on predetermined by Work descriptions. Further, the companies must recruit the best from many applicants for a job. This is the process used by Merck and Hewlett –Packard (Denton 1992, 14) Job design theories. Many Human Resource people despite the definitions of the functions to represent the ordinality, the ordinality of this scale does not work well as the things and the data scales. For there are two qualitatively different types of interpersonal relationships represented in the scale of subjective and objective. There are self –serving helping, coaching, treating and mentoring functions that express an emphatic, caring dimension in an informal and formal work environment (Fine, and Cronshaw 1999, 48). Goal setting, The employees are currently graded based on a benchmark commonly termed as goal setting. And, all employees work towards a common goal which is the reaching of the organization benchmark. This benchmark boils down to generating profits. In this regard, employees may be enticed to buy shares of stocks in the company so that they will feel that they are employees as well as owners. Also, many employees work better at achieving goals if they are educated or trained on how best to accomplish their jobs. Also, better goal setting will result to goal achievement if communication and feedback freely flows from subordinate to human resource department as well as the employee’s head (Thomas, and Maxwell 2001, 47). Leadership theories Employees who are loyal to their company usually lead the other employees to be more loyal to the company through example (hard work, overtime, achieving of production benchmarks) These leaders believe in the philosophy and benchmark of the organization. These leaders believe that they see performance as an obligation in order for the entire organization to succeed. Employee attachment to such leaders will translate to commitment to the organization. (Grant 1990, 57). Organizational change comes in terms of cultural, structural, redesign of jobs, introduction of new working practices, changes to grading and remuneration systems and changes to the modes of control. Also, different organizations have different intensities and time lines for these changes (Preece, Steven, and Steven 1999, 67) . Change occurs when the way things are done have been replaced by a new company process. Change should be done if the change will give added advantage to the company. A very strong reason to change to a new process is when the new machine bought produces more goods than the current machines used. Likewise, change should immediately be implemented if the company feels that the new machine or process produces better quality goods than the current machine used. Change can be done by first making a feasibility study as to whether the new process or machine will be more advantageous to the company than the current machines or processes are doing. Normally, many of the old employees would fight any changes to be implemented by the company. For change brings with it the learning of new ways of doing things. On the other hand, the younger employees would love the new process or machine because it brings with it a new working environment. The young employees can easily learn new tricks and processes. Naturally, the new machine will cause lost of jobs because the people used to working to the replaced machines will have the same job. To deal with this, the company could retrench these old employees and pay them a separation pay. However, a better way would be to transfer these ‘jobless’ employees to another department in the company to do another job type. This is good if the employee can easily learn the new job. In addition change can be smoothly implemented with the use of Total Quality Management and re –engineering introduction (Olson, and Eoyang 2001, 19). The conclusion is very positive. Google’s, founders Larry and Sergei were very instrumental in creating a zero percent employee turnover. Some of the reasons for this remarkable feat is the company’s free gourmet lunches and snacks, a free time for recreation activities and other fringe benefits. Also, The HRM must guide the old employees as they choose between retrenchment or reassignment to another job. For, nothing is constant but change. For, a company must innovate in order to keep up with the competition.

The Biography of Irene Parlby

The Biography of Irene Parlby Born in England to a well-off family, Irene Parlby never planned to be a politician. She immigrated to Alberta and with her husband became a homesteader. Her efforts to help improve the lives of rural Alberta women and children led her into the United Farm Women of Alberta, where she became president. From there she was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and became the first woman cabinet minister in Alberta. Irene Parlby was also one of the Famous Five Alberta women who fought and won the political and legal battle in the Persons Case to have women recognized as persons under the BNA Act. Birth: January 9, 1868, in London, EnglandDeath: July 12, 1965, in Red Deer, AlbertaProfessions: Womens rights activist, Alberta MLA, and cabinet ministerPolitical Affiliation: United Farmers of AlbertaRiding (Electoral District): Lacombe Causes of Irene Parlby For most of her career, Irene Parlby worked to improve the rights and welfare of rural women and children, including improving their health and education. The Career of Irene Parlby Irene Parlby was president of the United Farm Women of Alberta from 1916 to 1919.She was a member of the Board of Governors of the University of Alberta and helped form policies for the faculty of extension, which provided educational materials for rural communities.Irene Parlby was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1921.In 1921 Irene Parlby was appointed Minister without portfolio, the first woman to become a cabinet minister in Alberta. She was the second woman to become a provincial cabinet minister in Canada.As a cabinet minister, Irene Parlby established traveling medical clinics and was a proponent of distance education.Irene Parlby introduced the Minimum Wage for Women Act in 1925.Irene Parlby was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case which established the status of women as persons under the BNA Act in 1929.She was Canadian delegate to the League of Nations in 1930.Irene Parlby retired from the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1935.In 1935 Irene P arlby became the first woman to be awarded an honorary doctorate of law from the University of Alberta.

Free Essays on Teen Drivers

â€Å"scary quote†¦.† Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in people ages 16 to 20. They account for roughly one-third of all fatalities in this age group. People ages 16 to 20 make up only six percent of American drivers and only drive three percent of all miles driven yet they are involved in fifteen percent of traffic deaths. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of disability and spinal cord injuries among youth. A 16-year-old driver is twenty times as likely to have a traffic accident as the general population. With these sobering statistics as a backdrop, let’s take a look at the factors endangering our young drivers. Inexperience though this may seem obvious can make a big difference. Most young drivers simply don’t have the behind-the-wheel experience necessary to understand the dynamics associated with driving a motor vehicle. There’s a vast difference between riding in the passenger seat and being behind the wheel. Generally, when it comes to driving, age and experience lends a certain â€Å"street savviness† to the endeavor. Many teens drivers also have a tendency to drive too fast. This sometimes leads to poor driving decisions and can cause accidents. According to NHTSA, almost a quarter (twenty-two percent) of Americans who died in speed-related crashes were youth (15-20). And yet they represent just six percent of the total driving population. While teen substance abuse has been a concern for decades, mixing it with motor vehicles has particularly lethal effects. Its dangerous enough for teens to ingest substances that alter perception and reaction times; doing it behind the wheel of a car is almost suicidal. Statistics show some signs of abating, but the numbers are still too high. Almost equally suicidal is the refusal to wear seatbelts. According to NHTSA, approximately fifty-four percent of young people who die in passenger vehicle crashes are not wearing seatbelts. Its impossible to chang... Free Essays on Teen Drivers Free Essays on Teen Drivers â€Å"scary quote†¦.† Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in people ages 16 to 20. They account for roughly one-third of all fatalities in this age group. People ages 16 to 20 make up only six percent of American drivers and only drive three percent of all miles driven yet they are involved in fifteen percent of traffic deaths. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of disability and spinal cord injuries among youth. A 16-year-old driver is twenty times as likely to have a traffic accident as the general population. With these sobering statistics as a backdrop, let’s take a look at the factors endangering our young drivers. Inexperience though this may seem obvious can make a big difference. Most young drivers simply don’t have the behind-the-wheel experience necessary to understand the dynamics associated with driving a motor vehicle. There’s a vast difference between riding in the passenger seat and being behind the wheel. Generally, when it comes to driving, age and experience lends a certain â€Å"street savviness† to the endeavor. Many teens drivers also have a tendency to drive too fast. This sometimes leads to poor driving decisions and can cause accidents. According to NHTSA, almost a quarter (twenty-two percent) of Americans who died in speed-related crashes were youth (15-20). And yet they represent just six percent of the total driving population. While teen substance abuse has been a concern for decades, mixing it with motor vehicles has particularly lethal effects. Its dangerous enough for teens to ingest substances that alter perception and reaction times; doing it behind the wheel of a car is almost suicidal. Statistics show some signs of abating, but the numbers are still too high. Almost equally suicidal is the refusal to wear seatbelts. According to NHTSA, approximately fifty-four percent of young people who die in passenger vehicle crashes are not wearing seatbelts. Its impossible to chang...

The European Union Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The European Union - Research Paper Example In these trade affairs, the six nations involved were not exposed to tariffs and quotas and hence this encouraged the trade. As time passed, the six countries involved in the trade formed an economic union. This treaty of Paris encouraged the formation of an executive council, a common assembly and a court of justice. This group of administrative bodies was limited in terms of the powers it wielded but it promoted the organization and of the European industry (Smith 26). The treaty of Paris hence laid the foundation for the formation of a stable and prosperous unified Europe. More treaties were later signed and this promoted the trade between the six countries involved as the treaties increased cooperation. The treaties that came after the formation of the treaty of Paris were called the Rome treaties and paved the way for the creation of the European Economic Community and the EURATOM. The reason for the creation of EURATOM was to allow for the usage of atomic energy in a manner tha t promoted peace. In the year 1968 after the ratification of the Merger Treaty, the European Economic Community was transformed into the European community. Development of the Union As time passed, the European community continued to assert it authority throughout Europe. At a time around 1970, the European Community had already strengthened its authority in the economies of the nations who were already in European community. Growth in the European community is evident whereby the European court of auditors was formed at a place called Luxemburg in the year 1977. The establishment of the European monetary system two years later in the year 1977 later followed this change. The two newly established organizations as part of the European community were responsible for the regulating the currencies within the member countries. They also controlled and regulated the budgets of these member countries (Merino 46). In the year 1986, the member countries in the European community had increas ed to twelve in number. Thereafter, there was the formation of the single European act. The creation of this act ensured the total and ultimate integration of the economies and that all the policies among all member nations were standardized especially on issues concerning the environment, employment and health. Among the greatest breakthroughs of the European community was the breaking down of the Berlin wall in the year 1989. This event took place in the beginning of the termination of communism in what was known as the Warsaw pact of nations (Jackson, Keller and Flood 870). The European community provided financial support to member countries that had been new acquisitions in community. This economic aid motivated nations to put effort towards creating a more stable and unified Europe by promoting international cooperation. In the year 1990, legislations and discussions led to the creation of the new European Union. The adoption of a new name also carried along some changes. Euro pean Coal and Steel Community In Europe, the European Coal and Steel Community were established under a six-nation alliance as an international organization. The ECSC Treaty was signd in 1951, in Paris and the founding members were France, the Benelux countries, Italy and Germany that came together as one community. The main purpose of the formation of this organization was the fact that it served the purpose of unifying

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization Essay

The relationship of leadership to the politics of the organization - Essay Example (Fryer, 2004: 342) Upon examining the case of George Latour, the researcher will discuss the leadership style used by George followed by assessing the appropriateness of the leadership style. On the part of Shelley, the researcher will provide some recommended strategies that she could employ to enable her to better manage her boss. Prior to the main discussion, the researcher will assess the relative political position of George and Shelley as well as its implications on the leader-follower behavior. It is clear that George has been practicing autocratic or authoritarian leadership style. (Clark, 2005) Despite Shelley’s expertise in Marketing, George unconsiously directs Shelley on her every move causing her to feel very much demotivated with her job. In general, the use of authoritarian leadership style is more appropriate when the leader is training a new employee without any form of actual experience with the job. (Clark, 2005) Since Shelley has gained several successful experiences in the field of Marketing, George should apply a delegative or ‘free reign’ leadership style to empower Shelley to be a part of important Marketing-related decision-making. (Clark, 2005) When applying the delegative leadership style, George should develop a clear organizational goal which will serve as a guide on where the company as a team should focus. Upon discussing with Shelley her main goal, George should give her an ultimatum of three- to six-months period to come up with a good Marketing result. (Lawrie, 2004: 38) George should learn and adopt the transformational leadership style. (Goodnight, 2004: 36) In general, transformational leaders are the ones that do not practice positional authority. Instead of using authoritative leadership style, transformational leaders are committed to train and develop the rest of employees to become a leader